Volitional subject-oriented adverbials commonly used include: 故意地/存心地/有意地‘gùyìde/cúnxīnde/yǒuyìde’ (deliberately, intentionally), 不情愿地‘bù qíngyuàn de’ (unwillingly), 不乐意地‘bù lèyì de’ (reluctantly), 有目的的‘yǒu mùdìde’ (purposely), 蓄意地‘xùyì de’ (deliberately), 特地地‘tèyì de’ (purposely), 自愿地‘zìyuàn de’ (voluntarily), 自动地‘zìdòng de’ (voluntarily), 任性地‘rènxìng de’ (willfully, headstrong), 固执地‘gùzhí de’ (obstinately, stubborn), 不知不觉地‘bùzhībùjué de’ (unknowingly), etc.
1a. 他故意地用夹生的普通话高声地喊着。
Tā gùyì de yòng cháshēngde pǔtōnghuà gāoshēng de hǎnzhe.
(He deliberately shouted loudly in very poor common speech.)
1b. 一个扒手像是急着赶车，有意地往前边的旅客身上贴。
Yígè pāshǒu xiàngshì jízhe gǎn chē, yǒuyì de wǎng qiánbiān de lǚkè shēnshàng tiē.
(A pickpocket, pretending to rush to catch a train, intentionally stayed close to a passenger
in front of him.)
1c.然而，那些存心让别人忘机自己的人，却又不易被人忘记。
Ráner, nàxiē cúnxīn ràng biérén wàngjì zìjǐ de rén, què yòu bú yì bèi rén wàngjì.
(However, those who intentionally want other people to forget themselves are not so
easily forgotten.)
1d.据初步调查，这次事故是有人蓄意破坏。
Jù chūbù diàochá, zhècì shìgù shì yǒu rén xùyì pò huài.
(According to the preliminary investigation, this accident was caused by somebody
who premeditatedly engaged in sabotage.)
1e. 在法国的中学里，学生可以自愿留级。
Zài Fǎfuó de zhōngxué lǐ, xuéshēng kěyǐ zìyuàn liújí.
(In the middle schools in France, students can repeat a grade of their own accord.)
[1] Loar, J. K. (2011). Chinese syntactic grammar: functional and conceptual principles. New York: Peter Lang.
